![]() ![]() Likewise, the specificity of staining observed in other regions of the body with ArCTP antisense probes (see below) was confirmed in tests using ArCTP sense probes, where no staining was observed (data not shown). Absence of stained cells in sections incubated with ArCTP sense probes (Figure 2a inset) confirmed the specificity of staining observed with ArCTP antisense probes. ![]() Cells expressing ArCTP transcripts were revealed in both the ectoneural and hyponeural regions of the radial nerve cords (Figure 2a). The radial nerve cords and circumoral nerve ring comprise two distinct regions- the ectoneural region, which contains sensory neurons and interneurons, and the hyponeural region, which contains motor neurons ( Pentreath and Cobb, 1972 Mashanov et al., 2016). starfish nervous system comprises radial nerve cords located in each of the five arms and linked by a circumoral nerve ring located in the central disk region. CONR, Circumoral nerve ring Ec, Ectoneural region of radial nerve cord Hy, Hyponeural region of radial nerve cord PM, Peristomial membrane RHS, Radial hemal strand RNC, Radial nerve cord TF, Tube foot THS, Transverse hemal strand. A high magnification image of the boxed region is displayed in panel (h), which shows stained cells in the ectoneural (arrowheads) and hyponeural (arrows) regions of the circumoral nerve ring. As in the radial nerve cords, stained cells are concentrated laterally in the ectoneural region. (g) Transverse section of the central disk region showing stained cells in both the hyponeural (arrows) and ectoneural (arrowheads) regions of the circumoral nerve ring. (f) Junction of the hyponeural region of the radial nerve cord and a transverse hemal strand, showing that the density of stained cells is lower in this region than in the adjacent region (arrows). (e) Stained cells in the ectoneural (arrowheads) and hyponeural (arrows) regions of the radial nerve cord. Higher magnification images of the boxed regions are shown in (e,f). In the hyponeural region stained cells are in segmental clusters (arrows), with each segment of the hyponeural region bounded by transverse hemal strands. ![]() (d) Longitudinal parasagittal section of a radial nerve cord showing that stained cells are evenly distributed along its length in the ectoneural region (arrowheads). (c) High magnification image of the lateral region of the radial nerve cord showing stained cells in both the ectoneural region (arrowheads) and the hyponeural region (arrows). (b) High magnification image of the apex of the V-shaped radial nerve cord, where stained cells are sparsely distributed in the sub-cuticular epithelial layer of the ectoneural region (arrowheads). The inset shows an absence of stained cells in a transverse section of radial nerve cord incubated with ArCTP sense probes, demonstrating the specificity of staining observed with ArCTP antisense probes. Higher magnification images of the boxed regions are shown in panels (b,c). In the ectoneural region stained cells are concentrated laterally in the sub-cuticular epithelium, whereas in the hyponeural region stained cells are more uniformly distributed. (a) Transverse section of a radial nerve cord that was incubated with ArCTP antisense probes showing stained cells in both the ectoneural (arrowheads) and hyponeural (arrow) regions. | Localization of ArCTP mRNA in the radial nerve cords and circumoral nerve ring of A. ![]()
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